ANIMAL STRUCTURE TISSUE

ANIMAL TISSUE STRUCTURE

Types of animal tissues and their functions The word tissue means a group of cell similar in origin, structure and function. In unicellular organisms a single cell performs all the functions like respiration, digestion, excretion etc. Similarly, in multicellular organisms all such activities are performed by a specific group of cells, tissue. All the organs in multicellular organisms are composed of tissues. Based on the location and function, animal tissues can be classified into four different types: 1. Epithelial tissues. 2. Connective tissues. 3. Muscular tissues. 4. Nervous tissues. A. EPITHELIAL TISSUES: The basic functions of epithelial tissues are protection, secretion and absoption. The cells of epithelial tissues are located very close to each other. The cells are separated from each other by thin films of extracellular materials. These tissues lies on a non-cellular basement membrane which separates it from the underlying connective tissues. The basement membrane has two layers; upper layer called the basal lamina made up of glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides secreted by the epithelial cells and the lower layer called the reticular lamina made up of reticular fibres and collagen fibres. These fibres are the part of the underlying connective tissues. Epithelial tissues lack blood vessels and the materials are exchanged by diffusion between them and vessels of connective tissues. Four fundamental characteristics of epithelial tissue. 1.      Densely  packed cells joined by a variety of specialized intercellular junction 2. Form  linings (sheets and layers) which exhibit polarity, i.e., epithelia have apical and basal surfaces 3.    The  basal surface is attached to, and supported by, underlying connective tissue 4.  Avascular  (no direct blood supply)   Eight types of epithelium, distinguished by cell shape and pattern of layering.           (1)  simple squamous           (2)  simple cuboidal            (3)  simple columnar            (4)  pseudostratified            (5)  stratified squamous            (6)  stratified cuboidal            (7)  stratified columnar            (8)  transitional  B. CONNECTIVE TISSUES: These are of three types; connective tissue proper, supportive connective and fluid connective tissues. 1. Connective tissue proper: a) Loose connective tissues: It consists of cells scattered within an amorphous mass of proteins that forms a ground substance. The gelatinous material is strengthened by loose scattering of protein fibres such as collagen, elastin which makes tissue elastic and reticulin. 1) Adipose tissue: These are present under the skin, kidney and bone-marrow. These are the fat storing tissues which stores fat for emergency conditions. Hence they are also called the fat cells or adipocytes. They synthesis, store and metabolizes fat. Their functions is to prevent heat losses as they are heat insulators, shock absorbent and acts as food reserves. 2) Areolar tissues: It occurs beneath the epithelia of many hollow visceral organs, skin and in the walls of arteries and veins. These contains many kinds of cells: Fibroblasts: These are the principle cells of these tissues. These produces two types of proteins; collagen and elastin. They are irregular, flat cells with long protoplasmic processes. Fibroblasts secrete the major amount of matrix. Macrophage/ histiocytes/ clasmatocytes: These are phagocytic in nature i.e. they eat up the bacteria and other foreign bodies that enter our body. Mast cells/ mastocytes: These produces anti-allergic substances like histamine, heparin and serotonin in case of allergies. Plasma cells/ cart wheel cells: These synthesizes antibodies. The areolar tissues joins different tissues and forms the packing between them and helps to keep the organs in place and in normal shape. b) Dense connective tissues: The fibre are closely packed in dense connective tissues. These includes the following: White fibrous tissues: It carries only a few fibroblasts scattered at the middle of the dense network of thick collagen fiber bundles. The presence of white fibrous tissues at the joints between skull bones makes them immovable. Tendons: It is a very dense, strong and fibrous connective tissue with thick parallel bundles of collagen fibres. A few flat, elongated tendon cells lie in a single row between the fibre bundles. Tendon forms the strong inextensible attachment of a skeletal muscle to a bone.  Ligaments: These connects bones at the joints and hold them in position. They are made up of bundles of elastic fibres and few collagen fibres. Reticular tissues: It consists of star shaped reticular cells whose protoplasmic processes form a network. These cells are present at the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrows etc. 2. Supportive connective tissues:  1. Cartilage: It is a solid but semi-rigid and flexible connective tissue. They occur in cluster of 2 or 3 cells in small spaces scattered in the matrix. Types of cartilages: a. Hyaline cartilage: In this, the matrix is fibreless and glass like but translucent. It occurs in the larynx, nasal septum, tracheal rings and ribs. It gives these structures a definite form.  b. Elastic cartilage: These contains dense network of elastic fibres. It is present in the Eustachian tube, epiglottis and pinna of ear. The elastic fibres make those organs elastic and pliable. c. Calcified cartilage: Initially it is like hyaline cartilage but later on it gets hardened like bone due to deposition of calcium salts. 2.Bone: It is a solid, rigid connective tissue. The matrix of the bone has the deposition of apatite salts of calcium and phosphates. 60-70% of the bones are made up of inorganic matters and the rest by organic matters. Osteoblasts are the bone forming cells. Bones gives the basic structure of our body and together all the bones constitutes the skeleton. 3. Fluid connective tissues:  Blood is the fluid connective tissue. Its cells are different from the other connective tissues both in function and structure. Blood contains: a) Plasma: It contains three types of proteins i.e. serum albumin, serum globulins and fibrinogen. These proteins serves as the source of proteins to the tissue cells. Albumin and globulin retain water in blood plasma by their osmotic effects. They also transport many substances like thyroxine etc. A type of globulin called immunoglobin acts as antibodies. These proteins also mains the pH of blood. Plasma is slightly alkaline and constitutes about 60% of the blood. b) Blood glucose: Glucose is mainly absorbed in the liver and after absorption it reaches the blood. Excess of glucose is converted into glycogen by insuline in the liver and muscles which is kept as stored food. If the blood glucose level exceeds 180 mg per 100 ml, it starts appearing in urine and is called glucosuria. Glucose level after breakfast is 110-140 mg and if it is higher then it causes diabetes mellitus. c) Blood cholestrol: Cholestrol is needed in a very little amount in our body. It is required for the synthesis of biomembranes, vitamin D, bile salts and steroid hormones. But excess of cholestrol leads to the deposition of cholestrol in the veins and arteries which results in heart diseases. It reaches the blood either by intestinal absorption or synthesis by liver or both. d) Blood cells:  RBC (Red blood cells/corpuscles): These are formed in the maximum amount in the blood. It is red due to the present of the oxygen carrying pigments haemoglobin. Their main function is to transport oxygen and food to each part of the body and to remove some nitrogenous and other wastes from the body. WBC (White blood cells/corpuscles): These are also called leukocytes and they lack haemoglobin. It is mainly associated with the defense mechanism of the body. Rise in the level of WBC lead to leukemia (blood cancer). Types of WBC: a) Neutrophils:. They are maximum in number. These helps in phagocytosis. The pus contains dead neutrophiles and living virus/bacterias. b) Eosinophiles: They helps in protecting from allergic reactions. c) Basophil: These releases heparin and histamine which are anti-allergens. d)Lymphocytes: There are two types of lymphocytes; B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes produces antibodies against the antigens and T-lymphocytes do not directly the foreign bodies but helps B-lymphocytes in providing immunity. They are also called helper T cells. e)Monocytes: These are the largest WBC. They also helps in phagocytosis.   Loose connective tissues  Dense irregular connective tissue. C. MUSCLE TISSUES: Muscle tissues helps in the contraction and functioning of muscle responsible for locomotion and movement of organs. Muscle tissues can be classified into: 1. Striated/ skeleton/ voluntary muscle: These are attached to bones by tendons. These are made up of straited muscle fibres. Each muscle fibre is long, branched and cylindrical cell. It can be identified by checking the alternate dark (A) and light (I) bands and in the middle of these I bands is a fine dense, dark band called the Z band and H band in the middle of A bands. The action of these muscles can be controlled by us. Hence are also called voluntary muscles. 2. Non-striated/ smooth/ involuntary muscles: They do not show cross striation and hence look smooth. Single unit smooth muscle are composed of muscle fibres closely joined together. These function automatically and rhythemically i.e. cannot be controlled by us. Smooth muscles are present on the walls of some hollow visceral organs like urinary bladder and gastrointestinal tract. Multiunit smooth muscle is composed of more independent muscle fibre which are not so closely packed. These are present at the hair root and on the walls of large blood vessels. These can be identified by their spindle shaped cellsl. They are packed parallel to each other. These are usually shorter than striated muscle fibres. 3. Cardiac muscle: These can be found in the heart only. These are also involuntary in action and they generates their own wave of excitation. It also shows cross-striation but much fainter than in striated muscles. It is responsible for the pumping of heart. Cardiac muscle cells are short cylindrical cells joined end to end to form rows. D. NERVE TISSUE:          Neurons are present in the CNS (Central Nervous System) which helps in passing the electrical signals to brain from different parts of the body and vice-versa. Neurons are held together by the supportive cells called the neuroganglial cells. Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and neuroganglial cells and its function is to send electrical messages. Identification of the neurons can be done by checking a cell body with small branches called the dendrites and one long branch called axon. At the end of the axon, it joins with another neuron and forms a junction called synapse where the signals are transferred from one to another neuron. Neurons are classified both functionally and structurally. TYPES OF NEURONS Neurons may be classified into three groups: 1.    Sensory  neurons  Sensory neurons(or afferent neurons) carry impulses from receptors to the central nervous system. Receptorsdetect external or internal changes and send the information to the CNS in the form of impulses by way of the afferent neurons. Sensory neurons from receptors in skin, skeletal muscles, and joints are called somatic; those from receptors in internal organs are called visceral sensory neurons 2.    Motor  neurons Motor neurons(or  efferent neurons) carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors.The two types of effectors are muscles and glands. In response to impulses, muscles contract or relax and glands secrete. Motor neurons linked to skeletal muscle are called somatic; those to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are called visceral. 3.    Interneurons  Interneurons are found entirely within the central nervous system. They are arranged so as to carry only sensory or motor impulses, or to integrate these functions. Some interneurons in the brain are concerned with thinking, learning, and memory.

Etologi

ETOLOGI

Soal Immune System

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER

1.All the following statements about arteries are true EXCEPT

a). they are thick-walled

 b). they pulsate

c). they contain much elastic fiber tissue

d). they carry blood away from the heart

e). they contain valves

 

2. The liquid that bathes the cells of the body is called

a). fibrinogen

b). lymph

c). plasma

d). fibrin

e). blood

 

3. All the following veins carry deoxygenated blood EXCEPT the

a). superior vena cava

b). inferior vena cava

c). pulmonary vein

 d). renal vein

e). hepatic vein

 

4. All the following about white blood cells is true EXCEPT

a). they are formed in lymph glands

b). they are formed in the marrow

 c). they move like amoeba

d). they are phagocytotic

e). they are nucleated

 

5. The pacemaker of the heart is the

 a). S-A node

 b). A-V node

c). septum

d). bundle of His.

e).Purkije fiber

 

6. Which represents the correct sequence in the clotting of blood?

a). Platelets, fibrinogen, prothrombin, fibrin, thrombin

b). Platelets, prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin

c). Platelets, thrombin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, fibrin

d). Platelets, fibrin, fibrinogin, thrombin, prothrombin

e). Platelets, fibrinogen, prothrombin, fibrin, thrombin

 

7. Most of the carbon dioxide is carried in the blood stream by

a). plasma b). HCO-3 c). myoglobin

d). carbon monoxide e). hemoglobin

 

8. Oxyhemoglobin is formed in the

a). lungs

b). right atrium

c). spleen

d). kidney

e). liver

 

9. After being in a small, poorly ventilated room for an hour with eleven other students, a person noticed that his rate of breathing had increased. The most probable reason for this is that the

a). air in the room became hot

b). carbon dioxide in his blood had increased

c). oxygen concentration in his blood had increased

d). an increase in the blood volume

e). an increase of nitrogen concentration

 

10. Thickening of the alveoli membranes may cause

a). a decrease in blood volume

b). a decrease in oxygen concentration in the blood

c). a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

d). in increase in nitrogen concentration in the blood

e). an increase in blood volume

 

11. The most important cells of the nonspecific immunity are the

a). stem cells and the T-lymphocytes

b). macrophages and the T- cell lymphocytes

c). macrophages and neutrophils

d). neutrophils and B- cell lymphocytes

e). leucocytes and lymphocytes

 

12. A true statement about antibodies is that

a). they are protein molecules produced by lymphocytes

b). they bind to invading microorganisms

c). together with macrophages and blood proteins kill or incapacitate pathogens

d). all of the above

e). none of the above

 

13. An antibody is described as

a). a particle

b). an organism

 c). a molecule

d). a fragment

e). a pathogen

 

14. Complement destroys bacterial cells by

 a). preventing reproduction by binary fission

b). breaking apart the circular chromosome of the bacteria

 c). depositing antigen on the bacterial surface

d). stimulating reproduction of the helper T cells

e). perforating the cell wall and the cell membrane

 

15. Antibodies are not effective against

a). intracellular viruses

b). extracellular viruses

c). retroviruses

d). all of the above

e). none of the above.

 

16. The light and heavy chains of antibodies are bound together by

a). hydrogen bonds

 b). amide bonds

c). carboxyl groups

d). disulfide bonds

e). dipeptide bonds

 

17. Interferons are proteins that act against

a). certain types of bacteria

 b). natural killer cells

c). virally infected cells

d). hybridomas

e). B-Cell lymphocytes

 

18. T-Cell lymphocytes are able to distinguish between self and non self by means of

a). antibody levels in the body

b). histocompatability antigens

c). enzyme-substrate complex

d). macrophage-antigen complex

e). plasma cell levels in the blood

 

19. Tracheal systems for gas exchange are found in:

a). crustaceans

b). earthworms

c). insects

d). jellyfish

 e). vertebrates

 

20. If the primary immune response fails to create memory cells, then

a). the initial work of the plasma cell would be inhibited

 b). the T-cells would not produce the effector cells

c). the secondary immune response would generate too few antibodies

d). the DNA coding in the stem cells would mutate

 e). the T- cells could not distinguish self antigens

 

21. Which statement about respiration is INCORRECT?

a). Humans use positive pressure breathing

b). When exhaling, the position of the ribs and diaphragm in humans is: ribs lowered, diaphragm raise

c). frogs use positive pressure breathing

d). breathing in humans does not depend on active transport of air

e). Avian respiration is aided by air sacs attached to the lungs

 

22. The hormone that causes the marrow to produce more red blood cells is

a). erythrocytes

b). secretin

c). erythropoietin

 d). erythrin

e). CCK

 

23. Rejection of a tissue graft in an organism is associated with

a). B-lymphocytes

b). B- monocytes

c).T- lymphocytes

d). neutrophils

e). T-monocytes

 

24. Smoking and inhaling air pollutants have a n effect on the all the following EXCEPT

a). P450

b). cilia of the upper trachea

c). alveolar tissue

d). larynx

e). salivary amylase

 

25. All the following are part of the nonspecific immune response EXCEPT

a). antimicrobial proteins

b). plasma cells

c). pyrogens

d). skin bacteria

e). monocytes

 

26. The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot mostly consists of which protein?

a). fibrinogen

b). fibrin

c). thrombin

d). prothrombin

e). collagen

 

27. Food and inhaled air normally both pass through which structure?

 a). larynx

b). esophagus

c). glottis

d). pharynx e). trachea

 

28. Breathing is usually regulated by:

a). erythropoietin levels in the blood

b). the number of red blood cells

c). hemoglobin levels in the blood

d). lungs and larynx

e). pH, CO2 , and Oxygen sensors in the medulla.

29. Blood returning from the lungs enters the heart through the :

a). pulmonary artery

b). aorta

c). pulmonary veins

d). vena cava

e). coronary vein

 

30. High blood pressure is called:

a). atherosclorosis

b). arteriosclerosis

c). hypertension

d). heart murmer

e). hemophilia

 

31. What stimulates the production of red blood cells?

a). LDL's

b). immunoglobulins

c)platelets

d). erythrpoietin

e). epinephrine

 

32. The bronchus subdivides into smaller branches called:

a). trachea

 b). larynx

c). alveoli

d). bronchioles

e). bronchi

 

33. An alarming substance that triggers an inflammatory reaction is:

 a). thryoxin

b). adrenalin

c). immunoglobulin

d). histamine

e). pyrogens

 

35. Resistance to a disease conferred by injection of an antibody is an example of:

 a). active immunity

b). passive immunity

c). cell-mediated immunity

d). autoimmunity

 e). clonal selection

 

36. Which of the following cell types is responsible for initiating secondary immune response?

a). memory cells

b). macrophages

c). stem cells

d). B cells

e). T cells

 

37. The mechanism by which antigens stimulate B cells is called:

a). capping

b). opsonization

c). complement system

d). passive immunity

e). vaccination

 

38. The process in which an attenuated pathogen is used to stimulate the body to produce antibodies against the pathogen is called:

 a). capping

b). interferon

c). vaccination

d). passive immunity

e). complement system

 

   

SOAL TO BIOLOGI

SOAL TO BIOLOGI

movement and ciculatory system

Evaluation of “Movement and Circulatory System”

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER!

1.    The bones that make up our framework, or skeleton, are very efficient. Bone as a passive motion device because .....

a. can only be moved by muscle

b. a mineral dump

c. protected by meat

d. does not produce blood cells

e. Long bone growth is limited

2.    Which type of muscle tissue is attached to bones and makes them move?        

a.    Smooth            

b.    Skeletal

c.    Cardiac            

d.    Flexor

e.    Supinator

3.    The part of bone that function in forming new bone cell is….

a.    Osteoclast

b.    Osteoblast

c.    Osteocyte

d.    Osteon

e.    Chondrocyte

4.      The human skeleton have many types of bone. Type of bone bellow is …..

  

a.    Short bone

b.    Flat bone

c.    Long bone

d.    Compact bone

e.    Pipe bon

5.    Consider the following figure below!

       Based on the pictutre, kind of articulation is...

a.    ball and socket joint

b.    hinge joint

c.    pivot joint

d.    gliding joint

e.    saddle joint

6.    This bone matrix has the following feature :

1)    Bluish white color

2)    Containing chondroblast and white collagen fiber

3)    Functioning as joint movement and bone growth

The above statements are characteristics of….

a.    Fibrous  cartilage

b.    Spongy bone

c.    Elastic cartilage

d.    Hyaline cartilage

e.    Compact bone

7.    Movable joints are held in position by tough strands of connective tissue called            ….

a.    Tendons           

b.    Cartilage           

c.    Ligaments 

d.    Muscles

e.    Oregon

8.    Look at the picture bellow!.

     When does arm straightened (flexor), muscle …. .

a. biceps  contraction  and triceps relaxation

b. biceps  contraction  and triceps contraction

c. biceps relaxation and triceps contraction

d. biceps  relaxation  and triceps relaxation

e. . biceps and triceps no motion

9.  Smooth muscle is different from both cardiac and skeletal muscle in ….

a    It can act as a pacemaker for rhythmic contractions.

b    Contractions of smooth muscle are not due to interactions between neighboring microfilaments.

c    Neighboring cells are electrically connected by gap junctions.

d    Neighboring cells are tightly coupled by intercalated discs

e    Smooth  muscle contraction influenced voluntary muscles

10.  The figure shows the structure of muscle

  Part labeled by X is ….                                                                                                              

a.    Insertion

b.    Myofibril

c.    Tendon                                                                                          X         

d.    Bundle of muscle

e.    Connective tissue

11.  What do we call muscles that we do not control by our will?        

a.    voluntary muscles        

b.    skeletal muscles          

c.    striated muscle             

d.    involuntary muscles

e.    facial muscle    

12.    One of the ways skin regulates the temperature of the body on a hot day is by….                  

a.    Decreasing muscle contraction

b.    Producing  sweat           

c.    Reducing  access to the exertion

d.    Constricting  blood vessels        

e.    Increasing muscle contraction

13.  When muscles build up lactic acid, they eventually need oxygen. Why?

a.  Oxygen is the only source of energy for the muscles

b.     Oxygen bonds to the lactic acid to make toxic

c.    Oxygen combines with glucose to form more lactic acid     

d.    Oxygen bonds to the lactic acid to make it nontoxic

e.     Oxygen is used to break down the lactic acid

14.          Which disease causes bones to become brittle?        

a.  Tetanus              

b.  Osteoporosis     

c.  Diphtheria          

d.  Arthritis 

e.  Osteoarthritis                 

15.    The energy source that can be used directly for muscle contraction is ….

a.    Glucose

b.    ATP

c.    Phosphate creatine

d.    Lactic acid

e.    Glycogen      

16.      Among the following which are not included as muscle pair acting in antagonist are ….

a.  Pronator – supinator

b.  Pronator - elevator

c.  Depressor - elevator

d.  Abductor – adductor

e.  Extensor - depressor

17.  Disorder in muscle where happens muscle contraction continuously or working too heavy so muscle become stiff  and feels pain is called ….

a.  Spranged

b.   Cramp

c.  Atrophy

d.  Dystrophy

e.  Hypertrophy

18.  The sliding filament theory state that, during muscle contraction and relaxation ..

a.                      Actin and myosin shorten and then lengthen

b.                      Actin and myosin change positions relative to each other

c.                      Troponin and tropomyosin slide past each other

d.                      Actin and myosin shorten

e.                      Actin and myosin contraction

19.  Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of voluntary muscle?

a.    It is found attached to the skeletal system.     

b.    It can be consciously controlled.         

c.    Microscopically, it has a striated appearance.            

d.    It is found inside the digestive system

e.    Controlled by automatic nervous

20.  The followings are the characteristics of striated  muscle is….

a.    Working without being influenced by the centre nerve

b.    Having single central nucleus

c.    Flexible and easily exhausted

d.    Having end cell that branches off

e.    Working without being influenced by automatic nervous

21.      What is the role of osteoblasts?           

a.    They digest joints, causing painful arthritis resulting from bumps of bone inside the joint. 

b.    They stimulate the release of minerals, especially calcium, from the bones.      

c.    They secrete a substance in which minerals are deposited to form bone.           

d.    They secrete a substance that forms the embryonic cartilage framework

e.    They secrete a substance in which minerals are deposited to form cartilage

22.  A  condition when muscle can not be moved because of the decreasing  of the muscle is called….

a.  Osteoporosis

b.  Atrophy

c.  Dystrophy

d.  Hypertrophy

e.  Osteoarthritis

23.  The condition of bone disorders shown on the picture below is

                                               

a.    Necrosis 

b.    Dislocation

c.    Fracture

d.    Fissure

e.    Scoliosis

24.  Erythrocyte or red blood cells are filled with the iron-containing pigment hemoglobin. The function of Hb in erythrocyte is ….

a.                    Immunity

b.                    Blood clotting

c.                    To maintain the osmotic pressure of blood

d.                    To bind nutrient in blood

e.                    To bind O2 and CO2 molecules

25.  The unsuitable match between agglutinogen and agglutinin for the blood type in the following table is ….

	Blood type	Agglutinogen	Agglutinin
a	A	A	b
b	B	B	a
c	AB	A and B	α and β
d	O	-	α and β
e	AB	A and B	-

26.  Serum is the blood plasma which does not contain the protein of….

a.                    Albumin

b.                    Globulin

c.                    Fibrinogen

d.                    Lipoprotein

e.                    Glucose

27.  The blood pressure of 120/80 means….

a.                    The systole pressure is 80, diastole 120

b.                    Hypertension

c.                    The systole pressure is 120, diastole 80

d.                    abnormally high blood pressure

e.                    hypotension

28.  The increasing amount of white blood cells above the normal or abnormal leukocyte will cause….

a.                    Leucopenia

b.                    Leukocytosis

c.                    Leukemia

d.                    Anemia

e.                    Erythematic

29.  Increasing the number of leukocytes in the blood indicates that there are parts of the body exposed to infection, because ...

a.    White blood cells can act as phagocytes against germs

b.    leukocytes can penetrate tissue

c.    leukocytes are amoeboid

d.     leukocytes produced by the lymph glands

e.    leukocytes produced by tonsil

30.  Someone who has blood type A transfused with someone who has blood type O, then ...
a. agglutination will occur because the blood recipient containing a and b agglutinin
b. agglutination would not occur, because the blood recipient does not contain a and b agglutinin
c. agglutination would not occur, because the blood donor and recipient each containing agglutinin b
d. agglutination would not occur, because blood donors do not contain agglutinogen

e. . agglutination would occur, because the blood donor and recipient each containing agglutinin b

31.                  To keep the blood out through the aorta didn`t return to the heart, then there are valves ... ... ...
a. bicuspid valve
b. semilunar valve
c. tricuspid valve
d. foramen valve

e.foramen ovale

32.  The following  true statement  about vein vessel is .….

a.    they are thick-walled

b.     they contain oxygen

c.    they contain much elastic fiber tissue

d.    they carry blood away from the heart

e.    they carry blood away  to  the heart

33.  Look at diagram  of blood clotting bellow !

                    

           

         

a.    Thrombokinase,  anti hemophilia  ,  prothrombine

b.    Prothrombin, thrombokinase ,  anti hemophilia

c.    Ion kalsium.  prothrombin ,  anti hemophilia

d.    Trombokinase,  protrombin  ,  ion calcium

e.     Thrombokinase,  thrombine ,  prothrombine

34.  Karl Landsteiner divide blood into  4 groups : A, B, AB and O based on ... .

a.          Quantity of protein in blood

b.          Agglutinogen in red blood cells

c.          Agglutinin in plasma

d.          Agglutinogen dan agglutinin

e.          Antibody  

35.  Consider  the heart picture  bellow !

                          Part labeled by  1,2 and 3 are ….         

a.          Pulmonary vein, right ventricle, vena cava

b.         Pulmonary vein, left ventricle, right atrium

c.          aorta, left ventricle, pulmonary vein

d.         aorta, right ventricle, vena cava inferior

e.          Pulmonary artery, left ventricle, right atrium